Byzantine eunuchs and medieval clergy: a third gender? The masculinity of the men of the Church, the knights, the University students and the craftsmen. The femininities of noblewomen, women of the urban elites, craftswomen, and peasant women. 

Discussion of the article of Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality”, in H. Abelove; M. A. Barale; D. M. Halperin, The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, New York, Routledge, 1994, pp. 143-178 

References 

Guy BECHTEL (2003), As Quatro Mulheres de Deus: a puta, a bruxa, a santa e a imbecil, Lisboa: Multinova. 

Geoges DUBY e Michèle PERROT (dir.) (1993), História das Mulheres no Ocidente. Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores.  

Ruth Mazzo KARRAS (2003), From Boys to Men. Formation of masculinity in medieval Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvanya Press. 

Frederick KIEFER (ed.) (2010), Masculinities and Femininities in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Turnhout,  Brepols. 

Christine de PIZAN (2006), Le Livre des Trois Vertus, in Voix de Femmes au Moyen Âge, dir. Danielle Régnier-Bohler, Paris, Robert Laffont, pp. 663-698. 

Ana Maria S. A. RODRIGUES (2012), “La Identidad de Género en la Edad Media, una cuestión polémica”, in Flocel Sabaté (ed.), Identitats (XIV Curs d’Estiu de Balaguer), Lleida, Pagés, pp. 43-57. 

Ana Maria S. A. RODRIGUES (2006), “Um Mundo só de homens. Os capitulares bracarenses e a vivência da masculinidade na Idade Média”, in Estudos de Homenagem ao Prof. Doutor José Marques. Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, vol. 1, pp. 161-172. 

Origins and criticism about men’s studies. Types of Men’s Movements. The mythopoetic movement. Men’s rights lobby. Pro-feminist men’s studies. Hegemonic masculinity. Toxic masculinity. Protest masculinity. 

Discussion of the article of Joan W. Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”, The American Historical Review, 91-5, 1986, pp. 1053-1075. 

References 

Adams, R. e D. Savran (eds.), The Masculinity Studies Reader, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2002.  

Connell, R., Gender and Power, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1987.  

Connell, R., Masculinities, Cambridge, Polity, 1995 (2nd ed., 2005).  

Donaldson, M. “What is hegemonic masculinity?” Theory and Society, 22 (1993), pp. 643-657. 

Downs, L. L., Writing Gender History, London, Hodder Arnold, 2004. 

Traister, B. “Academic Viagra: The Rise of American Masculinity Studies,” American Quarterly, 52/2 (June 2000), pp. 274-304.   

The difference between Sex and Gender. The criticism to the invariant character of Sex and the concept of Biology. The gendered human body according to Greeks, Romans and in medieval times. Thomas Laqueur’s “one sex theory”. The impact of the Renaissance and the changes brought by the Scientific Revolution.  The representations of the human skeleton in the 18th and 19th centuries. Sexual differences and racial differences. 

References: 

BOCK, Gisela, “Women’s History and Gender History: Aspects of an International Debate”, Gender & History, 1-1, 1989, pp. 7-30. 

DOWNS, Laura Lee. Writing Gender History. London: Hodder Arnold, 2004.  

SCOTT, Joan Wallach, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”, The American Historical Review, 91-5, 1986, pp. 1053-1075.  

SCHIEBINGER, Londa, “Skeletons in the Closet: The First Illustrations of the Female Skeleton in Eighteenth-Century Anatomy”, in Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (ed.), The Making of the Modern Body. Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1987, pp. 42-82. 

SCHIEBINGER, Londa, The Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1991.