Religião, Mito e mitologia

20 Outubro 2017, 18:00 • Shiv Kumar Singh

Religion and mythology differ in scope but have overlapping aspects. Both terms refer to systems of concepts that are of high importance to a certain community, making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred. Generally, mythology is considered one component or aspect of religion. Religion is the broader term: besides mythological aspects, it includes aspects of ritual, morality, theology, and mystical experience. A given mythology is almost always associated with a certain religion such as Greek mythology with Ancient Greek religion. Disconnected from its religious system, a myth may lose its immediate relevance to the community and evolve—away from sacred importance—into a legend or folktale.

Religion is a belief concerning the supernatural, sacred, or divine, and the moral codes, practices, values, and institutions associated with such belief, although some scholars, such as Durkheim, would argue that the supernatural and the divine are not aspects of all religions^[1] Religious beliefs and practices may include the following:

1.a deity or higher being

2.eschatology

3.practices of worship

4.practices of ethics and politics

The term mythology usually refers either to a system of myths or to the study of myths.^[2] However, the word "myth" itself has multiple (and some contradictory) definitions:

2007: According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "Myth: "1 a: a usually traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. b: Parable, Allegory. 2 a: a popular belief or tradition that has grown up around something or someone; especially: one embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. 2b: an unfounded or false notion. 3: a person or thing having only an imaginary or unverifiable existence. 4: the whole body of myths.

The relationship between religion and myth depends on what definition of "myth" one uses. By Robert Graves's definition, a religion's traditional stories are "myths" if and only if one does not belong to the religion in question. By Segal's definition, all religious stories are myths—but simply because nearly all stories are myths. By the folklorists' definition, all myths are religious (or "sacred") stories, but not all religious stories are myths: religious stories that involve the creation of the world (e.g., the stories in Genesis) are myths; however, religious stories that don't explain how things came to be in their present form (e.g., hagiographies of famous saints) are not myths.

It should be noted that most definitions of "myth" limit myths to stories. Thus, non-narrative elements of religion, such as ritual, are not myths.

Myth vs Mythology

Many are still confused between the differences between a myth and mythology. In casual talk, the two are just the same. But in the strictest sense, they really aren’t.

When you talk about myths, you are referring to stories having no basis as to where, when, and from whom they came from (anonymous). Myths feature supernatural episodes that seek to explain natural phenomena in order to give humans some kind of special perceptions in a more cosmic level. It amplifies human culture and society to a superhuman or godly level. As such, myths often highlight the concepts of creation, religion, divinity, life and death. Many myths also showcase the adventures of heroes that are endowed with superhuman capabilities. The setup of these accounts is usually in the world’s primordial stage (when the world was still immature or incomplete). Although myths have such a nature, they are still accepted as both true and sacred.

By contrast, mythology is a collection of several or many myths that usually belong to a group of people or culture. In this connection, mythologies often address the issues of that particular group of people (their history, gods, and ancestry).

Another interpretation regarding mythology is defining it as the study of myths. Therefore, one who is studying or learning about myths may most likely be studying the field of mythology as a whole. Some specific sub branches of mythology are comparative mythology and Greek mythology. The former deals with finding the connection present between myths coming from varied cultures whereas; the latter is, obviously, the study of the popular myths of Ancient Greece.

Culture & Civilization/Religion & Dharma

17 Outubro 2017, 18:00 • Shiv Kumar Singh

Definition of Culture

The term ‘culture’ is a Latin origin of the world ‘cultus’, which refers to cultivating or refining something, in such a way that it provides admiration and respect. In finer terms, culture is the way people live, reflected in the language they spoke, food they eat, clothes they wear and the Diety they follow or worship. It expresses the manner in which one thinks and do things.

Definition of Civilization

Civilization is described as a process of civilizing or say developing the state of human society, to the extent that the culture, industry, technology, government, etc. reaches the maximum level. The term ‘civilization’ is derived from a Latin term ‘civis’ which indicates ‘someone who resides in a town’.

The term ‘civilization’ is not confined to town; rather it talks about adopting better ways of living, and making best possible use of nature’s resources, so as to satisfy the needs of the group of people.

Key Differences Between Culture and Civilization

The following points are noteworthy, so far as the difference between culture and civilization is concerned:

The term ‘culture’ refers to the embodiment of the manner in which we think, behave and act. On the contrary, the improved stage of human society, where members have the considerable amount of social and political organization and development, is called Civilization.

The culture of a particular region can be reflected in religion, art, dance, literature, customs, morals, music, philosophy, etc. On the other hand, the civilization is exhibited in the law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc. of that area.

Culture denote the greatest level of inner refinement, and so it is internal. Unlike, civilization which is external, i.e. it is the expression of state of the art technology, product, devices, infrastructure and so forth.

Religion & Dharma
There is a fundamental difference between Religion and Dharma.

“Religion” and “dharma” are often considered as meaning the same thing in different languages … as if one is the translation of the other. However, while these two concepts may have many similarities, they are not the same thing, with very fundamental differences in their origin, evolution and application. Religion is a centered around unflinching loyalty to certain rigid beliefs in divine dictates, whereas dharma is centered on the human conduct in real and day to day life. Religion invariably leads to communities, often closed ones; dharma does not even conceptualize a community. Religion is rigid, bound by what was written long ago; dharma depends upon conscious judgment and has the flexibility of adopting to different contexts…

The English word "religion" is derived from the Middle English "religioun" which came from the Old French "religion." It may have been originally derived from the Latin word "religo" which means "good faith," "ritual," and other similar meanings. Or it may have come from the Latin "religãre" which means "to tie fast."

The word Dharma is a multidimensional word and it depends in which context you are talking. It includes behaviour, duty, justice, characteristics, morality, religion, right etc.

It has explanation in many languages say Latin, Greek, Mandarin etc. but in my opinion, it can be illuminated at the maximum intensity in Sanskrit.

The word Dharma is derived from Sanskrit dhatu - Dhri, which means “the thing which provides stability and harmonized the whole world “.

Culture & Civilization/Religion & Dharma

13 Outubro 2017, 18:00 • Shiv Kumar Singh

Definition of Culture

The term ‘culture’ is a Latin origin of the world ‘cultus’, which refers to cultivating or refining something, in such a way that it provides admiration and respect. In finer terms, culture is the way people live, reflected in the language they spoke, food they eat, clothes they wear and the Diety they follow or worship. It expresses the manner in which one thinks and do things.

Definition of Civilization

Civilization is described as a process of civilizing or say developing the state of human society, to the extent that the culture, industry, technology, government, etc. reaches the maximum level. The term ‘civilization’ is derived from a Latin term ‘civis’ which indicates ‘someone who resides in a town’.

The term ‘civilization’ is not confined to town; rather it talks about adopting better ways of living, and making best possible use of nature’s resources, so as to satisfy the needs of the group of people.

Key Differences Between Culture and Civilization

The following points are noteworthy, so far as the difference between culture and civilization is concerned:

The term ‘culture’ refers to the embodiment of the manner in which we think, behave and act. On the contrary, the improved stage of human society, where members have the considerable amount of social and political organization and development, is called Civilization.

The culture of a particular region can be reflected in religion, art, dance, literature, customs, morals, music, philosophy, etc. On the other hand, the civilization is exhibited in the law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc. of that area.

Culture denote the greatest level of inner refinement, and so it is internal. Unlike, civilization which is external, i.e. it is the expression of state of the art technology, product, devices, infrastructure and so forth.

Religion & Dharma
There is a fundamental difference between Religion and Dharma.

“Religion” and “dharma” are often considered as meaning the same thing in different languages … as if one is the translation of the other. However, while these two concepts may have many similarities, they are not the same thing, with very fundamental differences in their origin, evolution and application. Religion is a centered around unflinching loyalty to certain rigid beliefs in divine dictates, whereas dharma is centered on the human conduct in real and day to day life. Religion invariably leads to communities, often closed ones; dharma does not even conceptualize a community. Religion is rigid, bound by what was written long ago; dharma depends upon conscious judgment and has the flexibility of adopting to different contexts…

The English word "religion" is derived from the Middle English "religioun" which came from the Old French "religion." It may have been originally derived from the Latin word "religo" which means "good faith," "ritual," and other similar meanings. Or it may have come from the Latin "religãre" which means "to tie fast."

The word Dharma is a multidimensional word and it depends in which context you are talking. It includes behaviour, duty, justice, characteristics, morality, religion, right etc.

It has explanation in many languages say Latin, Greek, Mandarin etc. but in my opinion, it can be illuminated at the maximum intensity in Sanskrit.

The word Dharma is derived from Sanskrit dhatu - Dhri, which means “the thing which provides stability and harmonized the whole world “.

Mostrar o filme "Terra 1947"

10 Outubro 2017, 18:00 • Shiv Kumar Singh

Os alunos viram o filme baseado nos acontecimentos da partição que também mostra s situações das mulheres. No fim do filme houve um debate.

Continuar com a partição da Índia

6 Outubro 2017, 18:00 • Shiv Kumar Singh

A aula começou com a revisão da matéria dada na aula anterior. Em seguida a aula continuou com os assuntos relacionados com a partição da Índia e os seus efeitos hoje no sistema sociopolítico, nas relações internacionais foram descutidos e abordados.