12 Outubro 2022, 09:30
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Zuzanna Zarebska
Ali Smith's short story "Last" was discussed in the class. We followed the premise that:“Story is an ancient form of generosity, an ancient form that will tell us everything we need to know about the contemporary world.” Story has always
been a welcoming-in, is always one way or another a hospitable meeting of the needs of others, and a porous artform where sympathy and empathy are only the beginning of things.” (patron of Refugee Tales, UK’s Immigration Policy, 2016)
11 Outubro 2022, 17:00
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Filomena Maria Confraria Viana Guarda
Conclusão do tópico da aula anterior: a importância da comunicação não verbal e as razões que a explicam.
Início do estudo de um texto de Adriano Duarte Rodrigues sobre as diferenças fundamentais entre a esfera da informação e a da comunicação.
11 Outubro 2022, 08:00
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Roxana Stela Ciolaneanu
Geert Hofstede: The 6-D Model of National Culture
1. Individualism vs. collectivism
2. Masculinity vs. Femininity
3. Power distance
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
5. Long term vs. short term orientation6. Indulgence vs. restrain
10 Outubro 2022, 09:30
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Zuzanna Zarebska
•There are several common elements to any communication exchange. First, there is always a sender and a receiver. The sender is the individual that sends a message while the receiver is the individual to which the message was sent. The message, in communication theory, is the idea encoded and sent by the sender in verbal, non-verbal, or written language. Messages are delivered through a medium, then the receiver of the message decodes the message into information. Sometimes, there can be noise that distorts this message. An example of noise would be a language barrier, emotions, or attitudes.
•The Semantic barrier can be caused in every type of communication. The variations of meaning in language are visible between individuals and cultures. Thus semantic barrier is an important element in communication theories at different levels.
•The Semantic barrier in communication can be defined as the misunderstanding and interpretation of meaning which restrict effective communication. It can be in form of language, sign and symbol.
•Differences in dialect, cultural differences, body language, and the choice of word, pronunciation differences and spelling errors are the main causes of a semantic barrier.
•Denotation is the literal description of thesignifier, while the connotation focuses onthe underlying message or feelings contained in the image, the signified. Theconnotation represents different social, cultural, or emotional implications
•Denotative barriers which are based on and caused by the direct meaning of a word. These kinds of barriers happen when sender and receiver disagree with the meaning of the word.
•Connotative barriers refer to the differences in the implicit meaning of the defined word. In addition to its exact or lexical meaning, words also acquire implied meanings called connotative meanings. Connotations are understood based only on an individual’s experience. Here both sender and receivers are aware of the meaning of the word but the disagreement occurs when the context, situation and emotion behind the word will be different. The meaning of the word does not arise by itself but in the relation between the text and the context. This barrier becomes much complicated since the significant meaning needs a mutual level of understanding for effective communication.